Pregnancy Induced Orofacial Conditions: A Narrative Review of Literature

Abstract

Pregnancy is associated with profound hormonal, immunological, and metabolic changes that significantly influence the oral and maxillofacial region, predisposing women to a range of orofacial conditions. Elevated levels of estrogen and progesterone alter vascular permeability, collagen metabolism, inflammatory responses, and oral microflora, increasing susceptibility to oral diseases even in the presence of good hygiene. The most common manifestation is pregnancy gingivitis, characterized by erythema, edema, and bleeding, particularly during the second and third trimesters. Benign hyperplastic lesions such as pyogenic granulomas may also develop due to exaggerated inflammatory and vascular responses. In addition to periodontal changes, pregnancy affects salivary composition, oral pH, and dietary habits, increasing the risk of dental caries, tooth erosion, and dentin hypersensitivity. Frequent vomiting and gastroesophageal reflux contribute to enamel demineralization. Other reported conditions include tooth mobility, temporomandibular joint discomfort, aphthous-like ulcers, and altered taste sensation, all of which may impair quality of life. Emerging evidence suggests a possible association between poor maternal oral health and adverse pregnancy outcomes such as preterm birth, low birth weight, and preeclampsia. This narrative review synthesizes evidence from multiple databases over a 30-year period to examine the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, and management of pregnancy-induced orofacial conditions. It highlights the need for improved awareness, interdisciplinary collaboration, and evidence-based care, while addressing gaps in knowledge and disparities in access to oral healthcare among pregnant women.