Rheumatoid Arthritis: Modern Therapeutic Approaches and Clinical Outcomes

Abstract

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease characterized by persistent synovial inflammation, progressive joint destruction, pain, disability, and systemic complications. Affecting approximately 0.5–1% of the global population, rheumatoid arthritis significantly reduces functional capacity, quality of life, and life expectancy if left untreated. The disease primarily involves small peripheral joints but may also affect the cardiovascular, pulmonary, ocular, and hematological systems. Recent advances in immunology, early diagnosis, disease activity assessment, biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (bDMARDs), targeted synthetic DMARDs (tsDMARDs), and treat-to-target strategies have transformed disease management and improved long-term clinical outcomes. Early initiation of effective therapy, individualized treatment selection, and continuous monitoring remain central to preventing irreversible joint damage. This review summarizes current evidence regarding the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and modern management of rheumatoid arthritis while highlighting emerging therapeutic approaches and future directions.